In the United States, data from a national survey estimated that 7.8% of young adults aged 18–24 years are current water-pipe tobacco smokers ( Salloum et al., 2015). In the United Kingdom, it has been reported that 1% of adults are regular water-pipe tobacco smokers ( Grant et al., 2014). WPS is the most popular method of tobacco use among young people and women in Middle-Eastern countries ( Maziak et al., 2017 Al Ghobain et al., 2018). Water-pipe smoking (WPS) is prevalent in Eastern countries and is nowadays increasing globally, including in Europe and North America, and is becoming a growing public health issue ( Maziak et al., 2017). Our data, obtained in experimental murine model of WPS exposure, show that GA ameliorates WPS-induced coagulation and cardiovascular inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis, through a mechanism involving Nrf2 activation. WPS also increased DNA damage and cleaved caspase 3, and GA administration prevented these effects. Immunohistochemical analysis of the hearts showed that WPS exposure increased nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) expressions by cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells, and these effects were potentiated by the combination of GA and WPS. GA significantly alleviated these effects, and prevented the decrease of reduced glutathione, catalase and total nitric oxide levels in heart homogenates. Moreover, WPS exposure induced a significant increase in systolic blood pressure and the concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1β in heart homogenates.
#OLYMPUS SONORITY WPS 852 ACTIVATOR#
The increase in plasma concentrations of fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and markers of lipid peroxidation, 8-isoprostane and malondialdehyde, induced by WPS were significantly reduced by GA administration.
GA significantly mitigated thrombosis in pial microvessels in vivo, platelet aggregation in vitro, and the shortening of prothrombin time induced by WPS exposure.
Animals received either GA in drinking water (15%, w/ v) or water only for the entire duration of study. Here, we have investigated the effect of Gum Arabic (GA), a prebiotic with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties, on WPS exposure (30 min/day for 1 month) on coagulation and cardiac homeostasis, and their possible underlying mechanisms in mice. WPS exposure is known to induce thrombosis and cardiovascular toxicity involving inflammation and oxidative stress. Water-pipe smoking (WPS) is prevalent in the East and elsewhere.
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